Bioengineered structures and tissues in reconstruction of the maxillofacial area: innovations and clinical perspectives

The article analyzes modern bioengineering technologies for bone tissue reconstruction in the maxillofacial area, based on the integration of three key components: osteoconductive scaffolds, osteoinductive growth factors and cell therapy using mesenchymal stem cells.
Material and methods. Methods for digital design and 3D printing of personalized skeletons with optimal porosity and mechanical characteristics, technologies for dynamic cultivation in bioreactors, and strategies for stimulating vascularization (VEGF, endothelial cells) are considered.
Results. Clinical and experimental data have been studied indicating an increase in the volume and density of regenerated bone, a reduction in the time of osseointegration by 25–50% and a decrease in the incidence of complications to 3%. Attention was paid to limitations: the cost of equipment, variability in the quality of cell preparations, and the need for standardization of protocols.
Conclusion. It is concluded that an integrated approach is promising, including the development of biomimetic gradient matrices, controlled release of growth factors and the use of exosomes to further increase the efficiency of bone tissue regeneration.
Keywords: maxillofacial surgery, tissue engineering, 3D printing, osteoconductive scaffolds, mesenchymal stem cells, growth factors, vascularization, osseointegration
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding. All authors declared that they had no financial support for the preparation of this manuscript.